I am a new Linux user. How do I display the process on the Linux based server or desktop/laptop in easy to read tree format using bash shell prompt? Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post Linux/Unix: pstree Command Examples: See A Tree Of Processes appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-12T19:29:49Z 2024-05-12T19:29:49Z Vivek Gite

The Debian Linux 12 backports repository offers updated versions of software packages for Debian Stable releases. These packages are sourced from Testing (and sometimes Unstable) branches of Debian, and then optimized and recompiled to function on the current Stable release, such as Bookworm. Let us see how to install and use Debian Linux 12 "Bookworm" Backports repository. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to enable Debian 12 Backports repository appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-11T11:02:39Z 2024-05-11T11:02:39Z Vivek Gite

I need to copy or clone file ownership and permissions from another file on Linux. Is there a bash command line option to clone the user, group ownership and permissions on a file from another file on Linux operating system? Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to copy permissions from one file to another on Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-08T22:06:06Z 2024-05-08T22:06:06Z Vivek Gite

If you are writing a Bash shell script, you should read command-line arguments into an array for some time. This allows us to process any number of arguments provided when the script is run. This makes the script adaptable to different use cases. Instead of dealing with fixed variables like $1, $2, $3, etc., you can work with any number of arguments more dynamically using bash for loop or bash while loop, depending upon your needs. Arrays make it simple to loop through each argument and perform operations on them, whether basic printing or complex processing. Bash provides a mapfile (readarray command) internal built-in command to read lines from a file into an array variable. Let us see how to use mapfile to read all command line arguments into an array. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post A Bash Script to Read All Command Line Arguments into an Array: Simplify Argument Handling appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-07T10:40:08Z 2024-05-07T10:40:08Z Vivek Gite

CentOS, RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux), Fedora and other clones of RHEL, such as Oracle, Alma, and Rocky, offer support for version pinning. This feature allows developers and system administrators to lock a particular package to a specific version, preventing it from being automatically updated by yum or dnf commands. Sometimes, it is necessary to protect packages from being updated to newer versions to avoid incompatibility issues with your applications. For example, you can lock down PHP version 8.3.6 and avoid using updated PHP version 8.4. Let us see how to lock a package to a specific version, only exclude a package from yum update or dnf update on a CentOS, RHEL, Fedora, and friends. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to Pin Versions in Yum or Dnf for RHEL or CentOS Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-07T09:01:47Z 2024-05-07T09:01:47Z Vivek Gite

Here's a quick tip for vim users. You can perform find and replace operations within a visual selection in Vim for text or code block. Visual selection for finding and replacing text in Vim allows developers and Linux/Unix users precise and efficient text editing. It's handy when you want to change specific portions of text or code blocks within a larger file without affecting other occurrences. This method required to minimizing manual search and reducing the risk of unintended code or text modifications. Let us see how to find and replace in Vim visual mode selection. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to perform find and replace operations within a visual selection in Vim appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-07T06:14:33Z 2024-05-07T06:14:33Z Vivek Gite

Unhide is a little handy forensic tool to find hidden processes and TCP/UDP ports by rootkits / LKMs or by another hidden technique. This tool works under Linux, Unix-like system, and MS-Windows operating systems. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to find hidden processes and ports on Linux/Unix/Windows appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-07T05:05:51Z 2024-05-07T05:05:51Z Vivek Gite

Bash is a command language interpreter compatible with sh. It can execute commands read from a file or keyboard. On Debian Linux, bash-completion is a set of shell functions that uses Bash's programmable completion feature. This page provides instructions on installing and enabling Bash auto-completion on Debian Linux versions 10, 11, and 12 to increase productivity by writing custom bash code. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to add bash auto completion in Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-06T15:51:25Z 2024-05-06T15:51:25Z Vivek Gite

Recently, I had a learning experience with cron jobs and acme.sh. acme.sh is an excellent tool that simplifies the management of Let's Encrypt TLS (SSL) certificates. It makes obtaining and renewing these essential security certificates for your web server easier. Recently, I moved my server from Linode to AWS, which was a new environment for me. Initially, everything appeared to be working correctly, and I assumed everything was running smoothly. However, I forgot to migrate the cron job that acme.sh uses to renew the certificate automatically. This oversight caused my Let's Encrypt certificates to expire, resulting in security warnings and potential disruptions for visitors to my website. Opps! Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to add cron job entry for acme.sh appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-05-03T06:43:12Z 2024-05-03T06:43:12Z Vivek Gite

{nixCraft Patreon supporters content}Below is a sneak peek of this content! Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat) was launched on April 25th, 2024. This new version will be supported for five years until June 2029. The armhf architecture now provides support for the Year 2038 problem. The upgrades include significant updates to core packages like Linux kernel, systemd, Netplan, […]The post How to Upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 to 24.04 LTS: A Complete Guide appeared first on Opensource Flare✨. 2024-04-26T18:25:08Z 2024-04-26T18:25:08Z Vivek Gite

Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat) was launched on April 25th, 2024. This new version will be supported for five years until June 2029. The armhf architecture now provides support for the Year 2038 problem. The upgrades include significant updates to core packages like Linux kernel, systemd, Netplan, toolchain upgrades for better development support, enhanced security measures, and performance optimizations. It also has an updated GNOME desktop environment and other default applications. Let us see how to upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 LTS to Ubuntu 24.04 LTS using the CLI over ssh-based session. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to Upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 to 24.04 LTS: A Complete Guide appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-04-26T08:33:21Z 2024-04-26T08:33:21Z Vivek Gite

AWS SES (Amazon Simple Email Service) is a cloud-based email-sending service that is both reliable and cost-effective. This service is offered by Amazon Web Services. Postfix is a popular email server for Debian and Unix-like systems. It is an open-source Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) responsible for routing and delivering emails. Debian Linux is a widely used Linux distribution known for its stability and user-friendliness for server usage. Let us see how to integrate AWS SES with the Postfix MTA on Debian Linux version 11/12. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to configure AWS SES with Postfix MTA on Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-04-19T07:04:06Z 2024-04-19T07:04:06Z Vivek Gite

When you run the sudo apt update, you may see the following message or error on a Debian Linux: Err:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports Release 404 Not Found [IP: 146.75.34.132 80] Reading package lists... Done E: The repository 'http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports Release' no longer has a Release file. N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default. N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details. Here is how to fix this issue. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post The repository ‘http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports Release’ no longer has a Release file. appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-04-14T20:42:01Z 2024-04-14T20:42:01Z Vivek Gite

You can find the timezone in Linux using the command line. The easiest way to do this is to type the "timedatectl" command and look for the "timezone" line when using modern Linux distros with systemd. There are other commands and ways to temporarily switch to a new timezone for date calculations. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How do I find out my timezone in Linux? appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-04-06T01:06:44Z 2024-04-06T01:06:44Z Vivek Gite

The debsecan command is an essential tool for developers and sysadmins using Debian or Ubuntu Linux. It analyzes the list of installed packages on the current host and reports any vulnerabilities found on the system. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to use debsecan command in Linux with examples appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-03-20T05:52:13Z 2024-03-20T05:52:13Z Vivek Gite

When you download Debian Linux CD or DVD images, you must verify the authenticity of Debian Linux CD or DVD images using the gpg and sha512sum command. There are three files you will find here for Debian 12 AMD64 Architecture (download those files using the wget command or use the curl command to download file): $ wget https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-dvd/debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso \ https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-dvd/SHA512SUMS \ https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-dvd/SHA512SUMS.sign Now you have three files as follows: debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso : DVD file for USB or DVD. SHA512SUMS : Checksum file for debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso to ensure that debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso file is not corrupted or contains bad stuff like backdoor. SHA512SUMS.sign : GPG signature file for SHA512SUMS file, which ensures that the checksums file themselves are correct. You must put all these three files into the same directory for easy understanding and verification in a zippy. Use the ls command to list them: {vivek@desktop:~}$ ls -l Outputs: -rw-rw-r-- 1 vivek vivek 3992977408 Feb 10 19:17 debian-12.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso -rw-rw-r-- 1 vivek vivek 3372 Feb 10 22:11 SHA512SUMS -rw-rw-r-- 1 vivek vivek 833 Feb 11 01:43 SHA512SUMS.sign Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to verify Debian CD or DVD image using GPG appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-03-07T11:57:43Z 2024-03-07T11:57:43Z Vivek Gite

Btrfs, which stands for "Butter FS" or "B-tree FS," is a modern Linux file system. It was developed to overcome the limitations of older file systems like ext4 or ext3. Btrfs is an excellent choice for efficient storage management on multiple Hard Disk Drivers. It supports Linux file systems with snapshots, subvolumes, and built-in RAID-like capabilities that provide robust data protection. It is designed to handle huge file systems and file sizes. Btrfs incorporates checksumming and COW (Copy-on-write), making it more resilient to data corruption. The COW feature means changes are written to new locations instead of overwriting existing data, enhancing data protection and enabling snapshots. After installation, let us see how to install Btrfs support for Debian Linux 11 or 12 using the CLI. Why am I using BTRFS on an existing Debian Linux system? In my case, the EC2 VM AMI is configured to use ext4 by default at AWS. However, I had to make changes since I needed to store files using EBS (Elastic Block Store) and Python code expected to see BTRFS. Hence, this quick tutorial. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to install BTRFS on a Debian Linux 12/11 appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-02-14T06:10:00Z 2024-02-14T06:10:00Z Vivek Gite

GnuPG2 (or GPG2) is an open-source and free tool that implements the OpenPGP standard. Its primary purpose is to encrypt your sensitive information to protect it from unauthorized access. It also allows you to create digital signatures, guaranteeing that the data hasn't been tampered with while in transit. Many newly created Debian 11/12 cloud VMs and images may not have the gpg/gpg2 command installed. Thus, you will get an error that reads "-bash: gpg: command not found." Here is how to fix this error and install gnupg2 on a Debian Linux 11 or 12. Further, you will learn how to use the gpg command. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to install GPG (gnupg2) on a Debian Linux to fix gpg command not found error appeared first on nixCraft. 2024-02-13T09:38:54Z 2024-02-13T09:38:54Z Vivek Gite

Sometimes, when you try to install specific Debian Linux packages, you might encounter an error message that reads: Unable to locate package pkg-name-here In many cases, the required package might already be present in the remote download repos. It would be best to have an additional repository, such as contrib, which adds extra packages to the core Debian Linux system. To enable and use the contrib repository in Debian Linux version 10/11/12 or newer versions, follow the instructions below. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to enable contrib repo on Debian Linux 10/11/12 appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-12-24T09:18:39Z 2023-12-24T09:18:39Z Vivek Gite

{Updated} Are you getting, ' WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE!' when try to use the ssh command under Linux, macOS or BSD? Let us see how I fixed this problem and log in using the ssh command.The post SSH WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE! Error and Solution appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-11-17T10:31:00Z 2023-11-17T10:31:00Z Vivek Gite